Nobel Prize 2008

Chemistry
Martin Chalfie; Osamu Shimomura; Roger Y. Tsien
The 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to scientists who advanced the use of jellyfish green florescent protein, or GFP (previously), an indispensable tool in molecular biology. The man who discovered the GFP gene, however, is doing something quite different these days.

Literature
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
Author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization.


Medicine
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi; Luc Montagnier; Harald zur Hausen
This year the Nobel committee has awarded the Prize for Physiology or Medicine to Harald zur Hausen for his discovery of human papilloma viruses (HPV) causing cervical cancer and to Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Physics
Makoto Kobayashi; Toshihide Maskawa; Yoichiro Nambu
The Nobel Prize in Physics goes to Yoichiro Nambu (born 1921) of the Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago “for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics” and to Makoto Kobayashi (b. 1944) of the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Tsukuba, Japan, and Toshihide Maskawa (b. 1940) of the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University Kyoto, “for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature”.